Microbes are constantly evolving.Laboratory studies of bacterial evolution increase our understanding of evolutionary dynamics, identify adaptive changes, and answer important questions that impact human health.During bacterial infections in humans, however, the evolutionary parameters acting on infecting populations are likely to be much more comp
Progress is being made in assessing the conservation status of ecosystems, notably through initiatives such as the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) and the NatureServe Conservation Status Assessment (NCS).Both of these approaches consider conservation status in terms of the risk of ecosystem collapse.However, the scientific understanding of ecosys
In order to gain an improvement of safety or availability measures of the safety-relevant control system through employment of redundancy a redundant system has to comply with the requirement on independence of redundant parts.If the requirements on the independence of redundant parts are unfulfilled, click here then a common-cause failure can dire
This paper proposes an explanation concerning why some global health issues such as HIV/AIDS attract significant attention from international and national leaders, while other issues that also represent a high mortality and morbidity burden, such as pneumonia and malnutrition, att nighthawk hotspot remain neglected.The rise, persistence and decline